The river as a special topos in the bio- and sociocultural life of ancient peoples
(based on the materials of the complex with a statue near the village of Betkuduk, East Kazakhstan)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52967/akz2023.4.22.34.65Keywords:
archaeology, Upper Irtysh river region, Betkuduk, Early Iron Age, daggers, knife, cheek-piece, whetstone, stone statueAbstract
Humanity in ancient times did not particularly have complete freedom of movement. Natural barriers limited the territory of human habitation. Rivers became the first and universal roads. Their course largely determined the direction of human migration flows and cross-cultural contacts. The river is never peripheral, it is always in the center, and the demarcation line of its space is the shore. The purpose of this article is to reveal the significance and role of archaeological monuments of the coastal zone of the Irtysh River in the formation and development of cultural centers in the Bronze Age and in the Early Iron Age and their further influence on the cultures of adjacent territories. The publication examines the complex of finds of the 8th–7th centuries BC. In the cultural and chronological context, the characteristics of the obtained material, including the stone sculpture, are given. A preliminary version of the functional purpose and semantic content of menhirs in funerary and memorial monuments based on the category of time is proposed.
References
Amirov, E.Sh., Umitkaliev, D. B. 2022. In: Onggar, A., Mamirov, T. B. (eds.). Margulanovskie chteniya–2022 (Margulan readings–2022). Almaty: Margulan Institute of Archaeology, 348-352 (in Russian).
Arslanova, F. Kh. 1972. In: Sovetskaya arheologiya (Soviet archaeology), 1, 253-258 (in Russian).
Arslanova, F. Kh. 1974. In: Akishev, K.A. (ed.). V glub vekov (Throughout the centuries). Alma-Ata: “Nauka” Publ., 46-60 (in Russian).
Arslanova, F. Kh. 1974a. In: Sovetskaya arheologiya (Soviet archaeology), 1, 220-226 (in Russian).
Arslanova, F. Kh., Charilov, A. A. 1974. In: Sovetskaya arheologiya (Soviet archaeology), 3, 220-235 (in Russian).
Akishev, K. A. (ed.). 1987. Arheologicheskie pamyatniki v zone zatopleniya Shulbinskoy GES (Archaeological sites in the inundation zone of the Shulbinskaya HPS). Alma-Ata: “Science” (in Russian).
Bazarbayeva, G. A., Jumabekova, G. S. 2017. In: Samarskiy nauchnyi vestnik (Samara Journal of Scienses), 3 (19). Vol. 6, 117-120 (in Russian).
Beisenov, A. Z. 2016. In: Vestnik Hakasskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Bulletin of the Khakass State University), 16, 17-22 (in Russian).
Beisenov, A. Z., Akhiyarov, I. K., Jumanazarov, N. Sh., Duysenbay, D. B. 2020. In: Arheologicheskie vesti (Archaeological news), 26, 166-177 (in Russian).
Beisenov, A. Z., Duysenbay, D. B. 2017. In: Kulikov, F. I. (ed.). Istoriya i kultura narodov Yugo-Zapadnoy Sibiri i sopredelnykh regionov (Kazakhstan, Mongoliya, Kitai) (History and culture of the peoples of Southwestern Siberia and adjacent regions (Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China)). Gorno-Altaisk: Gorno-Altaisk State University, 18-25 (in Russian).
Beisenov, A. Z., Ermolenko, L. N. 2014. In: Vestnik Kemerovskogo gos. un-ta GU (SibScript), 3 (59), 34-40 (in Russian).
Bekezhan, O. K., Erteleeva, R. B. 2017. In: International Scientific and Practical Conference WORLD SCIENCE, 7(23), Vol. 4, July, 29-31 (in Russian).
Besetayev, B. B., Kariev, E. M. 2016. In: Arheologiya, etnografiya i antropologiya Evrazii (Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of Eurasia), 44, No. 3, 72-78 (in Russian).
Bokovenko, N. A., Zadneprovskiy, Yu. A. 1992. In: Moshkova, M.G. (ed.). Stepnaya polosa Aziatskoy chasti SSSR v skifo-sarmatskoe vremya (Steppe of the Asian part of the USSR in the Scythian-Sarmatian time). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 140-148 (in Russian).
Vishnevskaya, O. A. 1973. Kultura sakskih plemen nizoviev Syrdarii v VII–V vv. do n.e. (po materialam Ujgaraka) (The culture of the Saka tribes of the lower reaches of the Syr Darya river in the 7th–5th centuries BC (based on the materials of Uygarak)). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Volkov, V. V. 2002. Olennye kamni Mongolii (Deer stones of Mongolia). Moscow: “Nauchnyj mir” Publ. (in Russian).
Gryaznov, M. P. 1947. In: Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta istorii materialnoy kultury (Brief reports of the Institute of the History of Material Culture), XVIII, 9-17 (in Russian).
Gryaznov, M. P. 1956. In: Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta istorii materialnoy kultury (Brief reports of the Institute of the History of Material Culture), 61, 8-16 (in Russian).
Gryaznov, M. P. 1980. Arzhan. Tsarskiy kurgan ranneskifskogo vremeni (Arzhan. The Royal burial mound of the Early Scythian period). Leningrad: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Jumabekova, G. S., Bazarbayeva, G. A. 2011. In: Istoriya i arheologiya Semirechiya (The history and archaeology of Semirechye), 4, 67-88 (in Russian).
Jumabekova, G. S., Bazarbayeva, G. A. 2017. In: Istoriya i arheologiya Semirechiya (The history and archaeology of Semirechye), 5, 127-142 (in Russian).
Jumabekova, G. S., Bazarbayeva, G. A. 2022. In: Kazahstan arheologiyasy (Kazakhstan Archeology), 3 (17), 43-73 (in Russian).
Ermolaeva, A. S. 2012. Pamyatniki predgornoj zony Kazahskogo Altaya (epoha bronzy – rannee zhelezo) (Sites of the foothill zone of the Kazakh Altai (Bronze Age, early Iron)). Almaty: Margulan Institute of Archaeology (in Russian).
Ermolaeva, A. S. Ermolenko, L. N. 2016. In: Mir Bolshogo Altaya (World of the Great Altai), 2 (4.1), 654-672 (in Russian).
Ermolenko, L. N. 2014. In: Sitdikov, A. G., Makarov, N. A., Derevyanko, A. P. (eds.). Trudy IV (XX) Vserossiyskogo arheologicheskogo siezda v Kazani (Proceedings of the 4th (20th) All-Russian Archaeological Congress in Kazan), IV. Kazan: “Otechestvo” Publ., 31-33 (in Russian).
Ermolenko, L. N., Kurmankulov, Zh. K. 2014. In: Khabdulina, M. K. (ed.). Dialog kultur Evrazii v arheologii Kazahstana (The Dialogue of Eurasian cultures in the archaeology of Kazakhstan). Astana: “Saryarka”, 341-347 (in Russian).
Ermolenko, L. N., Kurmankulov, Zh. K., Kasenova, A. D. 2016. In: Bobrov, V. V. (ed.). Arheologicheskoe nasledie Sibiri i Tsentralnoy Azii (problemy interpretatsii i sohraneniya) (Archaeological heritage of Siberia and Central Asia (problems of interpretation and preservation)). Kemerovo: “Kuzbassvuzizdat” Publ., 129-135 (in Russian).
Ermolenko, L. N., Kurmankulov, Zh. K., Kasenova, A. D. 2021. In: Narody i religii Evrazii (Nations and Religions of Eurasia), vol. 6, No. 3, 7-22 (in Russian).
Ivanov, S. S. 2008. In: Tishkin, A. A. (ed.). Drevnie i srednevekovye kochevniki Tsentralnoy Azii (Ancient and medieval nomads of Central Asia). Barnaul: “Azbuka”, 37-41 (in Russian).
Ilinskaya, V. A. 1975. Ranneskifskie kurgany basseyna reki Tyasmin (Early Scythian mounds of the Tyasmin River basin). Kiev: “Naukova dumka” Publ. (in Russian).
Kadyrbayev, M. K. 1966. In: Margulan, A. Kh., Akishev, K. A., Kadyrbayev, M. K., Orazbayev, A. M. Drevnyaya kultura Tsentralnogo Kazakhstana (Ancient culture of Central Kazakhstan). Alma-Ata: “Nauka” Publ., 303-428 (in Russian).
Kadyrbayev, M.K., Kurmankulov, Zh. 1992. Kultura drevnikh skotovodov i metallurgov Saryarki (po materialam Severnoy Betpakdaly) (Culture of ancient cattle breeders and metallurgists of Saryarka (based on the materials of the Northern Betpakdala)). Almaty: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Kasenova, A. D. 2020. Kamennye izvayaniya Saryarki: Istoriya izucheniya (Stone sculptures of Saryarka: A history of study). Almaty: Margulan Institute of Archaeology (in Russian).
Kilunovskaya, M. E., Semenov, Vl. A. 2018. In: Zapiski Instituta istorii materialnoy kultury RAN (The Notes of the Institute for the History of material culture RAS), 18, 50-59 (in Russian).
Kisel, V. A. 2022. In: Tomilov, N. A., Korusenko, M. A., Korusenko, S. N., Tikhonov, S. S. (eds.). Integratsiya arheologicheskih i etnograficheskih issledovaniy (Integration of archaeological and ethnographic research). Omsk; Tyumen, 233-237 (in Russian).
Kovalev, A. A. 2000. In: Olkhovskiy, V. S. (ed.). Arkheologiya, paleoekologiya i paleodemografiya Evrazii (Archaeology, paleoecology and paleodemography of Eurasia). Moscow: “GEOS” Publ., 138-180 (in Russian).
Kozlov, L. N., Belyakov, A. A. 2009. In: Evraziyskaya ekonomicheskaya integratsiya (Eurasian Economic Integration), 3 (4), 132-143 (in Russian).
Margulan, A. Kh. 1998. Begazy-dandybaevskaya kultura Tsentralnogo Kazakhstana (Begazy-Dandybay culture of Central Kazakhstan). Essays in 14 vol. Vol. I. Almaty: “Atamura” Publ. (in Russian).
Marsadolov, L. S., Samashev, Z. S. 2000. Izuchenie arheologicheskih pamyatnikov Zapadnogo Altaya (The study of archaeological sites of the Western Altai). Saint Petersburg: State Hermitage; Margulan Institute of Archaeology (in Russian).
Martynov, A. I. 1974. In: Izvestiya laboratorii arheologicheskih issledovaniy (Proceedings of the Laboratory of Archaeological Research), 5, 3-14 (in Russian).
Merts, I. V., Merts, V. K., Kushch, G. A., Tishkin, A. A. 2016. In: Tishkin, A. A., Semibratov, V. P. (eds.). Sohranenie i izuchenie kulturnogo naslediya Altayskogo kraya (Preservation and study of the cultural heritage of the Altai Territory). Issue XXII. Barnaul: Altai State University, 163-170 (in Russian).
Pletneva, L. M., Mets, F. I. 1999. Priobie glazami arheologov i etnografov (Ob river region through the eyes of archaeologists and ethnographers). Tomsk: Tomsk University, 10-25 (in Russian).
Polyakov, A. V. 2022. In: Arheologicheskie vesti (Archaeological news), 34, 147-162 (in Russian).
Savinov, D. G. 1994. Olennye kamni v kulture kochevnikov Evrazii (Deer stones in the culture of the nomads of Eurasia). Saint Petersburg: Saint Petersburg State University (in Russian).
Samashev, Z. S. 2020. In: Arheologiya Yuzhnoy Sibiri (Archaeology of Southern Siberia), 28. Kemerovo: “KRIPKiPRO” Publ., 103-118 (in Russian).
Samashev, Z. S. 2022. In: Kazahstan arheologiyasy (Kazakhstan Archeology), 3 (17), 9-31 (in Russian).
Samashev, Z. S., Ermolaeva, A. S., Jumabekova, G. S. 2017. In: Beisenov, A. Z. (ed.). Kazakhstan v sakskuyu epohu (Kazakhstan in the Saka epoch). Almaty: Margulan Institute of Archaeology, 101-156 (in Russian).
Samashev, Z., Sapashev, O., Oralbay, E., Tolegenov, E., Isin, A., Sailaubay, E. 2010. Pamyatniki monumentalnogo iskusstva Vostochnogo Kazahstana (drevnost i srednevekovie) (The sites of monumental art of East Kazakhstan (antiquity and the Middle Ages)). Almaty: “Arheologiya” Publ. (in Russian).
Samashev, Z. S., Chotbayev, A., Kariev, E., Kiyasbek, G., Samashev, S., Akhmadiev, Zh. 2018. Berel v istorii kultury drevnih kochevnikov Kazahskogo Altaya (Berel in the cultural history of the ancient nomads of the Kazakh Altai). Astana: “Foliant” Publ. (in Russian).
Svod arheologicheskih pamyatnikov Vostochno-Kazahstanskoy oblasti (The official list of archaeological sites of the East Kazakhstan region). Ust-Kamenogorsk: State Foundation for the Support of Culture and Art (in Russian).
Sorokin, S. S. 1966. In: Arheologicheskiy sbornik Gos. Ermitazha (Archaeological collection of the State Hermitage), 8, 39-60 (in Russian).
Tairov, A. D., Gutsalov, S. Yu. 2001. In: Materialy po arheologii Volgo-Donskih stepey (Materials on archaeology of the Volga-Don steppes), 1. Volgograd: Volgograd State University, 161-168 (in Russian).
Terenozhkin, A. I. 1961. Predskifskiy period na dneprovskom Pravoberezhie (The Pre-Scythian period on the Dnieper Right Bank). Kiev: USSR Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Terenozhkin, A. I. 1976. Kimmeriytsy (The Cimmerians). Kiev: “Naukova dumka” Publ. (in Russian).
Tkachev, A. A., Tishkin, A. A. 1999. In: Kiryushin, Yu. F., Tishkin, A. A. (eds.). Itogi izucheniya skifskoy epohi Altaya i sopredelnykh territoriy (Results of the study of the Scythian epoch of Altai and adjacent territories). Barnaul: Altai State University, 194-198 (in Russian).
Tkacheva, N. A. 2003. In: Kiryushin, Yu. F., Tishkin, A. A. (eds.). Istoricheskiy opyt hozyaistvennogo i kulturnogo osvoeniya Zapadnoy Sibiri (Historical experience of economic and cultural development of Western Siberia), 1. Barnaul: Altai State University, 378-383 (in Russian).
Tkacheva, N. A., Tkachev, A. A. 2008. Epoha bronzy Verhnego Priirtyshiya (The Bronze Age of the Upper Irtysh region). Novosibirsk: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Toleubayev, A. T. 2018. Rannesakskaya shiliktinskaya kultura (Early Saka Shilikty culture). Almaty: IP “Sadvakasov A.K.” (in Russian).
Toleubayev, A. T., Zhumataev, R. S., Omarov, G. K., Shakenov, S. T,. Besetaev, B. B., Ergabylov, A. E. 2020. In: Baitanayev, B. A. (ed.). Margulanovskie chteniya–2020 (Margulan readings–2020). In 2-vol. Vol. 2. Almaty: Margulan Institute of Archaeology, 172-197 (in Russian).
Trifonov, Yu. I., Bokovenko, N. A. 1998. In: Drevnie kultury Tsentralnoy Azii i Sankt-Peterburg (Ancient cultures of Central Asia and St. Petersburg). Saint-Petersburg: “Kul-inform-press” Publ., 149-150 (in Russian).
Frolov, Ya. V. 2018. In: Izvestiya AltGU. Istoricheskie nauki i arheologiya (News of the Altai State University. Historical sciences and archaeology), 5 (103), 207-214 (in Russian).
Khabdulina, M. K. 1994. Stepnoe Priishimie v epohu rannego zheleza (The Steppe of the Ishim River region in the Early Iron Age). Almaty: “Rakurs” Publ. (in Russian).
Chernikov, S. S. 1954. In: Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta istorii materialnoy kultury (Brief communications from the Institute of the History of Material Culture), 53, 29-49 (in Russian).
Chernikov, S. S. 1960. Vostochnyi Kazahstan v epohu bronzy (East Kazakhstan in the Bronze Age). Moscow; Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Chlenova, N. L. 1972. Khronologiya pamyatnikov karasukskoy epohi (Chronology of monuments of the Karasuk epoch). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Chotbayev, A. 2013. Vooruzhenie drevnikh kochevnikov Kazahskih stepey (Armament of the ancient nomads of the Kazakh steppes). Astana: Branch of the Margulan Institute of Archaeology (in Russian).
Chugunov, K. V., Parzinger, H., Nagler, A. 2017. Tsarskiy kurgan skifskogo vremeni Arzhan-2 v Tuve (The Royal burial mound of the Scythian period Arzhan-2 in Tuva). Novosibirsk: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS) (in Russian).
Shilov, S. N., Ismagil, R. B., Kotov, V. G., Bannikov, A. L. 2003. In: Ufimskiy arheologicheskiy vestnik (Ufa Archaeological Bulletin), 4, 163-198 (in Russian).
Shulga, P. I. 2008. Snaryazhenie verhovoy loshadi i voinskie poyasa na Altae (horse equipment and military belts in Altai). Part I: Ranneskifskoe vremya (Early Scythian time). Barnaul: “Azbuka” Publ. (in Russian).
Yarygin, S. A. 2011. In: Beisenov, A. Z. (ed.). Arheologiya Kazahstana v epohu nezavisimosti: itogi i perspektivy (Archaeology of Kazakhstan in the era of independence: results and prospects). In 3-vol. Vol. 1. Almaty: Margulan Institute of Archaeology, 408-416 (in Russian).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Галина Геннадьевна Петенева
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
